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--- java:installationunderlinux [2011/11/13 15:33] – [Things to do in apache] rlunaro
+++ java:installationunderlinux [2022/12/02 21:02] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+====== Installation of Tomcat under Linux ======
+===== Preface =====
+These notes are about installing Tomcat in a production environment under apache. This notes were taken while I were installing such product in a machine on a DMZ, so **security were my first concern in every step I took**.
+Said that, it is possible that the document has misunderstandings and errors. Nobody is perfect. **Use it at your own risk**.
+The machine I am using is a Virtual Server with 32 bits and a SuSE 11.1 installed.
+===== Things we need to install =====
+You should have the JRE installed in your machine. You can download it from Oracle website.
+Make sure that you have defined a environmen variable JRE_HOME that points to the location of the JRE. In other words, this command should work:
+<code bash>
+rluna@machine:~> ($JRE_HOME/bin/java -version)
+java version "1.6.0_22"
+Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_22-b04)
+Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 17.1-b03, mixed mode)
+</code>
+Yes, the version of java is a bit outdated. I've used the version that the current version of linux provided through the package manager.
+===== Create a tomcat user and a tomcat group =====
+The idea is to create a "tomcat" user and a "tomcat" group, own all the files of tomcat with this user and run the service with this user: this prevent that, in case of god-knows-what, an attacker would gain root privileges easily.
+<code shell>
+useradd --create-home --user-group --system -g tomcat tomcat
+</code>
+The ''--system'' option is to specify that the user must be a system account.
+The ''-g'' is to specify that the default group for this account must be ''tomcat'' instead ''users'', as used to be. And finnaly the ''-m'' option is for creating a home directory. I prefer to create a home directory for this type of users, just for store there certain downloads or configuration files.
+==== If you want to log in as the tomcat user ====
+As you may know, if you want to login as the user ''tomcat'' all you have to do is to change the shell:
+<code>
+useradd -s /bin/bash tomcat
+</code>
+and, to return the user to the prior state, you only have to do the following:
+<code>
+useradd -s /bin/false tomcat
+</code>
+==== Ensure that the user has an umask of 0027 or less ====
+This can be checked out entering as the tomcat user or checking the /etc directory. This is for not leaving open files to every other user in the system.
+===== Creating the directory =====
+I've choose /usr/local/share as the main directory. I've created a directory called ''apache-tomcat-7.0.22'' -this is the version I am using- and a link to this named ''tomcat'': the rest of the commands, or services will be refered to the ''/usr/local/share/tomcat'' dir. With this resource, it will be easy to upgrade tomcat simply by changing the link.
+<code shell>
+mkdir apache-tomcat-7.0.22
+chown tomcat:tomcat apache-tomcat-7.0.22
+chmod 750 apache-tomcat-7.0.22
+ln -s apache-tomcat-7.0.22 tomcat
+</code>
+===== Copy the contents (beware with the permissions) =====
+Copy all the contents into the new location (or uncompress them), and make sure that the permissions are assigned to tomcat:tomcat and are the proper.
+<code bash>
+cp /home/tomcat/tmp/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/* . -R
+chown tomcat:tomcat * -R
+</code>
+==== Do a basic cleanup ====
+I've seen that the Windows .bat files are in the /bin files. I suggest delete them.
+==== Checkpoint ====
+At this point, tomcat should start with the default configuration. It is a good idea to make a little test prior to further testing.
+Log in as the tomcat user and run the server:
+<code bash>
+tomcat@machine:/usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/bin> ./startup.sh
+Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22
+Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22
+Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/temp
+Using JRE_HOME:        /usr
+Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
+</code>
+Open a web browser and point it to the http://localhost:8080 port. It should show a welcome message of tomcat. If not, check out what is wrong. A simple ''lynx http://localhost:8080'' should return something understandable.
+==== Fine-tunning configuration ====
+=== Location of log files ===
+SuSE has all their log files under /var/log, so I prefer respect this practice and move the logs of apache to this location. Now they are under /usr/local/share/tomcat/logs.
+**First,** create a proper directory under /var/log, let's say /var/log/tomcat:
+<code bash>
+# mkdir /var/log/tomcat
+# chown tomcat:tomcat /var/log/tomcat
+</code>
+Then, open the file CATALINA_HOME/conf/logging.properties --CATALINA_HOME is the directory Tomcat is installed, and is refered as this in the documentation-- and modify the following entries:
+<code properties>
+catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
+catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
+catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = catalina.
+localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
+localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
+localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = localhost.
+</code>
+When it appears ${catalina.base}/logs it should appear the new directory, /var/log/tomcat.
+Open the "server.xml" file and change locate the "logs" old directory and replace by the new one, /var/log/tomcat. I've replace the following entries:
+<code xml>
+  <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
+         directory="logs"
+         prefix="localhost_access_log." suffix=".txt"
+</code>
+Go to the ''bin'' directory and open the file ''catalina.sh''. There is a configuration for the console of the server there. Locate this entry:
+<code bash>
+if [ -z "$CATALINA_OUT" ] ; then
+  CATALINA_OUT="$CATALINA_BASE"/logs/catalina.out
+fi
+</code>
+And change for:
+<code bash>
+if [ -z "$CATALINA_OUT" ] ; then
+  CATALINA_OUT=/var/log/tomcat/catalina.out
+fi
+</code>
+Delete the content of the "logs" directory and start again the server. If after running the server still appear content, you should check the configuration or the configuration.
+If the checking were successful, remove the ''logs'' directory and create a symbolic link with the same name: just in case other user logged in the system and searched for the directory where it is supposed to be in a normal installation.
+=== Location of config files ===
+Another step is to change the location of the config files and put them under ''/etc/tomcat'': it is the usual point where a normal user should look for.
+== Creation of the directory under /etc ==
+<code bash>
+machine:/etc # mkdir tomcat
+machine:/etc # chown tomcat:tomcat tomcat
+</code>
+== Move the contents to the new location ==
+Log in as the tomcat user:
+<code bash>
+tomcat@machine:/usr/local/share/tomcat/conf> cp * /etc/tomcat/ -R
+tomcat@machine:/usr/local/share/tomcat> tar -czf conf_orig.tgz conf/
+tomcat@machine:/usr/local/share/tomcat> rm -r conf
+tomcat@machine:/usr/local/share/tomcat> ln -s /etc/tomcat/ conf
+</code>
+===== Create a Service so that it will start automatically =====
+In general, it is a good idea to create a service that will start automatically when the server starts. And that will be gently stopped when the servers is shut down.
+**How to do this??**
+One idea is to search in internet. But bear in mind that most modern Linux distributions comes with __examples__ of services ready to customize for your needs. These __examples__ are common called as ''skeletons'' and normally live --or rest, because they are skeletons, aren't they??-- in /etc.
+Mess around the /etc directory of your installation or check /etc/rc.d/ or /etc/init.d in order to locate those scripts.
+**Here I put the script I created for SuSE**
+<code bash>
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+#     Script for start/stop tomcat. Based on template "skeleton"
+#
+#
+#     This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#     under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
+#     your option) any later version.
+#
+#     This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#     WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#     Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+#     License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+#     Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
+#     USA.
+#
+# /etc/init.d/FOO
+#   and its symbolic link
+# /(usr/)sbin/rcFOO
+#
+#
+# LSB compatible service control script; see http://www.linuxbase.org/spec/
+#
+#
+### BEGIN INIT INFO
+# Provides:          tomcat
+# Required-Start:    $syslog $remote_fs apache
+# Should-Start:      $time ypbind smtp
+# Required-Stop:     $syslog $remote_fs
+# Should-Stop:
+# Default-Start:     3 5
+# Default-Stop:      0 1 2 6
+# Short-Description: Tomcat
+# Description:       Start the Tomcat Application Server
+### END INIT INFO
+#
+# Any extensions to the keywords given above should be preceeded by
+# X-VendorTag- (X-UnitedLinux- X-SuSE- for us) according to LSB.
+#
+# Notes on Required-Start/Should-Start:
+# * There are two different issues that are solved by Required-Start
+#    and Should-Start
+# (a) Hard dependencies: This is used by the runlevel editor to determine
+#     which services absolutely need to be started to make the start of
+#     this service make sense. Example: nfsserver should have
+#     Required-Start: $portmap
+#     Also, required services are started before the dependent ones.
+#     The runlevel editor will warn about such missing hard dependencies
+#     and suggest enabling. During system startup, you may expect an error,
+#     if the dependency is not fulfilled.
+# (b) Specifying the init script ordering, not real (hard) dependencies.
+#     This is needed by insserv to determine which service should be
+#     started first (and at a later stage what services can be started
+#     in parallel). The tag Should-Start: is used for this.
+#     It tells, that if a service is available, it should be started
+#     before. If not, never mind.
+# * When specifying hard dependencies or ordering requirements, you can
+#   use names of services (contents of their Provides: section)
+#   or pseudo names starting with a $. The following ones are available
+#   according to LSB (1.1):
+#	$local_fs		all local file systems are mounted
+#				(most services should need this!)
+#	$remote_fs		all remote file systems are mounted
+#				(note that /usr may be remote, so
+#				 many services should Require this!)
+#	$syslog			system logging facility up
+#	$network		low level networking (eth card, ...)
+#	$named			hostname resolution available
+#	$netdaemons		all network daemons are running
+#   The $netdaemons pseudo service has been removed in LSB 1.2.
+#   For now, we still offer it for backward compatibility.
+#   These are new (LSB 1.2):
+#	$time			the system time has been set correctly
+#	$portmap		SunRPC portmapping service available
+#   UnitedLinux extensions:
+#	$ALL			indicates that a script should be inserted
+#				at the end
+# * The services specified in the stop tags
+#   (Required-Stop/Should-Stop)
+#   specify which services need to be still running when this service
+#   is shut down. Often the entries there are just copies or a subset
+#   from the respective start tag.
+# * Should-Start/Stop are now part of LSB as of 2.0,
+#   formerly SUSE/Unitedlinux used X-UnitedLinux-Should-Start/-Stop.
+#   insserv does support both variants.
+# * X-UnitedLinux-Default-Enabled: yes/no is used at installation time
+#   (%fillup_and_insserv macro in %post of many RPMs) to specify whether
+#   a startup script should default to be enabled after installation.
+#   It's not used by insserv.
+#
+# Note on runlevels:
+# 0 - halt/poweroff 			6 - reboot
+# 1 - single user			2 - multiuser without network exported
+# 3 - multiuser w/ network (text mode)  5 - multiuser w/ network and X11 (xdm)
+#
+# Note on script names:
+# http://www.linuxbase.org/spec/refspecs/LSB_1.3.0/gLSB/gLSB/scrptnames.html
+# A registry has been set up to manage the init script namespace.
+# http://www.lanana.org/
+# Please use the names already registered or register one or use a
+# vendor prefix.
+TOMCAT_HOME=/usr/local/share/tomcat
+test -d $TOMCAT_HOME || { echo "$TOMCAT_HOME is not a directory. Please check."
+;
+	if [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then exit 0;
+	else exit 5; fi; }
+# Check for missing binaries (stale symlinks should not happen)
+# Note: Special treatment of stop for LSB conformance
+TOMCAT_BIN=$TOMCAT_HOME/lib/catalina.jar
+test -s $TOMCAT_BIN || { echo "$TOMCAT_BIN not found. Is tomcat properly install
+ed?";
+	if [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then exit 0;
+	else exit 5; fi; }
+# Check for existence of needed config file and read it
+TOMCAT_CONFIG=$TOMCAT_HOME/conf/server.xml
+test -r $TOMCAT_CONFIG || { echo "$TOMCAT_CONFIG not exists or not readable";
+	if [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then exit 0;
+	else exit 6; fi; }
+# Source LSB init functions
+# providing start_daemon, killproc, pidofproc,
+# log_success_msg, log_failure_msg and log_warning_msg.
+# This is currently not used by UnitedLinux based distributions and
+# not needed for init scripts for UnitedLinux only. If it is used,
+# the functions from rc.status should not be sourced or used.
+#. /lib/lsb/init-functions
+# Shell functions sourced from /etc/rc.status:
+#      rc_check         check and set local and overall rc status
+#      rc_status        check and set local and overall rc status
+#      rc_status -v     be verbose in local rc status and clear it afterwards
+#      rc_status -v -r  ditto and clear both the local and overall rc status
+#      rc_status -s     display "skipped" and exit with status 3
+#      rc_status -u     display "unused" and exit with status 3
+#      rc_failed        set local and overall rc status to failed
+#      rc_failed <num>  set local and overall rc status to <num>
+#      rc_reset         clear both the local and overall rc status
+#      rc_exit          exit appropriate to overall rc status
+#      rc_active        checks whether a service is activated by symlinks
+. /etc/rc.status
+# Reset status of this service
+rc_reset
+# Return values acc. to LSB for all commands but status:
+# 0	  - success
+# 1       - generic or unspecified error
+# 2       - invalid or excess argument(s)
+# 3       - unimplemented feature (e.g. "reload")
+# 4       - user had insufficient privileges
+# 5       - program is not installed
+# 6       - program is not configured
+# 7       - program is not running
+# 8--199  - reserved (8--99 LSB, 100--149 distrib, 150--199 appl)
+#
+# Note that starting an already running service, stopping
+# or restarting a not-running service as well as the restart
+# with force-reload (in case signaling is not supported) are
+# considered a success.
+case "$1" in
+    start)
+	echo -n "Starting Tomcat "
+	## Start daemon with startproc(8). If this fails
+	## the return value is set appropriately by startproc.
+	#/sbin/startproc -u tomcat -g tomcat $TOMCAT_HOME/bin/startup.sh
+	su tomcat -c $TOMCAT_HOME/bin/startup.sh
+	# Remember status and be verbose
+	rc_status -v
+	;;
+    stop)
+	echo -n "Shutting down Tomcat "
+	## Stop daemon with killproc(8) and if this fails
+	## killproc sets the return value according to LSB.
+	#/sbin/startproc -u tomcat -g tomcat $TOMCAT_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
+	su tomcat -c $TOMCAT_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
+	# Remember status and be verbose
+	rc_status -v
+	;;
+    restart)
+	## Stop the service and regardless of whether it was
+	## running or not, start it again.
+	$0 stop
+	$0 start
+	# Remember status and be quiet
+	rc_status
+	;;
+    *)
+	echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
+	exit 1
+	;;
+esac
+rc_exit
+</code>
+====== Integration with Apache ======
+Due to the fact that I am using apache at the same time in the same machine, Tomcat will act only as the server of the JSP pages, delegating all the static content to apache.
+You have to have ''apxs'' installed in your system. If you are running apache, it is achieved installing through yast the module ''apache2-devel''.
+===== Tomcat connector mod-jk =====
+The only way to integrate apache with tomcat is to use mod_jk. Here is the documentation:
+[[http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/webserver_howto/apache.html]]
+And you have to google the download location. I've downloaded the source code and here are the instructions to compile it:
+==== Installing and compiling mod_jk ====
+Once you have the apxs2 program installed and the source code of the mod_jk, you are prepared to compile it:
+<code>
+$ cd native
+$ ./configure --with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs2
+$ su
+# make install
+</code>
+http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc-archive/jk2/jk/quickhowto.html
+===== Things to do in apache =====
+In the apache configuration directory, create a file called "workers.properties" with the following content:
+<code>
+# Define 1 real worker using ajp13
+worker.list=worker1
+# Set properties for worker1 (ajp13)
+worker.worker1.type=ajp13
+worker.worker1.host=localhost
+worker.worker1.port=8009
+worker.worker1.lbfactor=50
+worker.worker1.cachesize=10
+worker.worker1.cache_timeout=600
+worker.worker1.socket_keepalive=1
+worker.worker1.socket_timeout=300
+</code>
+At least the following configuration must be put under apache:
+<code>
+# Load mod_jk module
+# Under SuSE this is carried out by sysconfig/apache2
+# Update this path to match your modules location
+LoadModule jk_module libexec/mod_jk.so
+# Under SuSE this is carried out by sysconfig/apache2
+# Declare the module for <IfModule directive>
+AddModule mod_jk.c
+# Where to find workers.properties
+# Update this path to match your conf directory location (put workers.properties next to httpd.conf)
+JkWorkersFile /etc/httpd/conf/workers.properties
+# Where to put jk logs
+# Update this path to match your logs directory location (put mod_jk.log next to access_log)
+JkLogFile /var/log/httpd/mod_jk.log
+# Set the jk log level [debug/error/info]
+JkLogLevel info
+# Select the log format
+JkLogStampFormat "[%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y] "
+# JkOptions indicate to send SSL KEY SIZE,
+JkOptions +ForwardKeySize +ForwardURICompat -ForwardDirectories
+# JkRequestLogFormat set the request format
+JkRequestLogFormat "%w %V %T"
+# Send everything for context /examples to worker named worker1 (ajp13)
+JkMount /examples/* worker1
+# In installation with virtual servers, it allows to respond to
+# http://wateverthedomainwillbe/examples
+# If not, you have to put this directive (JkMountCopy) under
+# the VirtualHost directive you want to use
+JkMountCopy All
+</code>
+There are several ways to organize it. Under SuSE, the best way is the following:
+  * under ''/etc/sysconfig/apache2'' modify the line ''APACHE_MODULES'' and add at the end the "jk": this will instruct to load the mod_jk.so module also and modify /etc/apache2/sysconfig/loadmodule.conf according to that
+  * also modify the variable ''APACHE_CONF_INCLUDE_FILES'' to include a file that will be called ''mod_jk.conf''
+  * create the file /etc/apache2/mod_jk.conf to include the configuration proper to the mod_jk.so module. Please add <IfModule mod_jk.c>  and </IfModule> directives to better exclude by simply removing the module from loading
+====== Security Issues ======
+===== Deactivate the listening through the 8080 port =====
+Disconnect the default Connector port under tomcat: the port 8080. If you aren't gonna use it, the obvious is to disconnect it.
+Under TOMCAT_HOME, locate the file server.xml and comment out the following lines:
+<code xml>
+    <!-- Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
+               connectionTimeout="20000"
+               redirectPort="8443" / -->
+</code>
+===== Delete the "examples" application =====
+Go to TOMCAT_HOME/webapps and delete the directory "examples". Why? Because is a well-known application that **do** things. Some example applications aren't built with security in mind, so it is a good idea to delete them.
+====== Test and conclusion ======
+Test, test, test... In every step you take in this issue, try to test if you are doing the correct!!! This is the best advice I can give you in order to succeed in such projects.
+Anyway, the last step is to test the issue. I've opened a browser, point it to http://mydomain.com/examples/whateveryouwant and you should have a fantastic error screen directly from tomcat (instead of a 404 coming from apache).
+{{ :java:screenshot_at_2011-11-13_16:43:53.png?200 |}}
+You can elaborate this much --as I did-- and change the "examples" you find in the mod_jk.conf file for "docs": this will point to an application called "docs" that is in Tomcat. If you do this, you cant point your browser to http://mydomain.com/docs/index.html and get the tomcat documentation that comes with the tomcat installation:
+{{ :java:screenshot_at_2011-11-13_16:47:09.png?200 |}}
+===== Conclusion =====
+In this document I've tried to explain how to install tomcat to serve as a backend for an Apache http server, so it serves only certain types of pages.
+The explanation is made from the ground, as if there were no prior knowledge of apache nor tomcat. I hope I achieved this. If not, drop me some lines in the Discussion below. Anyway, any comment or suggestion will help.
+====== Documentation ======
+I checked out this document: [[http://www.digitalsanctum.com/2007/08/18/20-tips-for-using-tomcat-in-production/]]. Unless it is a bit outdated (2007), many of the ideas depicted there are still valid.
+Of course, I checked also the Apache Tomcat documentation: [[http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/index.html]]
+And have a look at this: [[http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/reference/apache.html]]. It is the documentation of the mod_jk module and it is very important if you want to have your own installation.
+~~DISQUS~~